A pAdrenergic receptor blockers
1. p-blockers are recommended first-line agents in uncomplicated hypertension, or in hypertensive patients with angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, mitral valve prolapse, a history of myocardial infarction (MI), diastolic dysfunction, or migraine headaches. p-blockers are preferred in young Caucasian hypertensive patients (younger than 40-50). African-Americans tend to respond less well to p-blockers.
2. Common adverse effects of p-blockers include decreased exercise tolerance, cold extremities, depression, sleep disturbance, and impotence, although these side effects may be less severe with the p1-selective blockers (ie, metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol). The use of p1-selective agents also helps minimize adverse effects associated with p2-blockade (suppression of insulin release, promotion of bronchospasm). All p-blockers can exacerbate asthma, peripheral vascular disease, and diabetes at high doses.
3. p-blockers should be used with caution in patients with bronchospastic disease, and nonselective agents are contraindicated in these patients. Agents with ISA (acebutolol, pindolol, carteolol, penbutolol) partially stimulate the p-receptor while they antagonize it. The advantages of these agents include less resting bradycardia as well as neutral effects on lipid and glucose metabolism.
|
ß-blockers | ||
|
Drug |
Usual dose |
Maximum dose |
|
Acebutolol (Sectral) |
200-800 mg/d (qd or bid) |
1.2 g/d (bid) |
|
Atenolol (Tenormin) |
50-100 mg qd |
100 mg qd |
|
Betaxolol (Kerlone) |
10 mg qd |
20 mg qd |
|
Bisoprolol (Zebeta) |
5 mg qd |
20 mg qd |
|
Carteolol (Cartrol) |
2.5 mg qd |
10 mg qd |
|
Metoprolol succinate (Toprol XL) |
100-200 mg qd |
400 mg qd |
|
Metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor) |
100-200 mg/d (qd or bid) |
450 mg/d (qd or bid) |
|
Nadolol (Corgard) |
40 mg qd |
320 mg/d |
|
Penbutolol sulfate (Levatol) |
20 mg qd |
NA |
|
Pindolol (Visken) |
5 mg bid |
60 mg/d |
|
Propranolol (Inderal, Inderal LA) |
120-160 mg qd (LA 640 mg/d) | |
|
Timolol (Blocadren) |
10-20 mg bid |
60 mg/d (bid) |
Blood Pressure Health
Your heart pumps blood throughout your body using a network of tubing called arteries and capillaries which return the blood back to your heart via your veins. Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of your arteries as your heart beats.Learn more...
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